Joint

Dog

Cat

Shoulder

Flexion / Extension. Measured as the caudal angle formed by the axis of the scapula and humerus.

20 / 165

20 / 180

Adduction / Abduction. Measured as deviation from the vertical axis of the humerus moving only at the shoulder

50 / 50

30 / 90

Internal / External rotation. Measured as the deviation from the vertical axis of the antebrachium as the humerus is rotated medially and laterally. The axis of the scapula, humerus and antebrachium are held at right angles to each other.

50 / 50

40 / 40

Elbow

Flexion / Extension. Cranial angle formed by the humerus and antebrachium.

15 / 165

30 / 180

Supination / Pronation. Measured as the angle formed by the intersection of the plane parallel to the metacarpals and the horizontal

90 / 50

110 / 50

Carpus

Flexion / Extension. Measured as the caudal angle formed by the Antebrachium and metacarpals.

20 / 210

40 / 220

Ulnar / Radial deviation. Measured as the angle formed by the metacarpals with the long axis of the antebrachium as the foot is bent medially (radial) and laterally (ulnar).

20 / 20

15 / 40

Hip

Flexion / Extension. Measured as the cranial angle formed by the femur and the long axis of the pelvis.

10 / 180

30 / 200

Abduction / Adduction. The angle formed by the femur and the vertical as the knee is moved medially and laterally.

80 / 40

70 / 30

Internal / External Rotation. The angle formed by the Tibia and the long axis of the body as the femur is rotated inward and outward in the hip. The long axis of the pelvis, the femur and the tibia are all at right angles to each other

60 / 90

45 / 90

Stifle

Flexion / Extension. The caudal angle formed by the femur and tibia.

15 / 165

30 / 180

Tarsus

Flexion / Extension. The cranial angle formed by the tibia and the metatarsals.

15 / 200

30 / 200